Este ensayo describe una particular experiencia estética, basada en la obra gráfica La confianza, de Goya, perteneciente a la serie de los Caprichos e invenciones, que son paisajes de pesadilla que ilustran la crisis social de la época de las Luces. Desde aquí, desarrollaré una hermenéutica personal que avanza por tres escenarios teóricos sobre lo que implicaría la confianza de una mujer en otra, a partir del soporte de imagen. Las diversas tesis teóricas se sitúan en la órbita del pensamiento (...) feminista de actualidad y en donde se representarán a tres autoras: Muraro, Despentes y Braidotti. Finalmente, este dispositivo de interpretación permitirá relevar el arte de Goya a propósito de una posible revisión de crítica social sobre la virtud de la confianza. (shrink)

La hipótesis del presente estudio es que las meditaciones morales de Descartes incluyen una doctrina de las pasiones del alma y una concepción de la vida, ambas intrínsecamente vinculadas. Nuestro propósito será entonces: Primero, mostrar que tras el análisis del corpus cartesiano es posible reconstruir aspectos centrales de su meditación moral: que su meditación moral incluye una doctrina innovadora de las pasiones. Segundo, mostraremos que para Descartes ethos y pathos están vinculados; que este vínculo se hace explícito en sus ideas (...) del conocimiento práctico, esto es, de una praxis que se identifica con el «ejercicio de la virtud» y del «vivre heureusement». Tercero, concluimos respondiendo a la pregunta ¿Dónde descansa la moralidad en Descartes? ¿Es para él un asunto de la pura razón? ¿Un asunto más allá de la pura razón? ¿Uno de conceptos, de juicios, de carácter, de educación, de acción y conocimiento práctico o uno de propiedades intrínsecas de las cosas o propiedades de los agentes humanos, o bien de una cierta conexión entre varios de estos? (shrink)

Este estudio se propone destacar los resultados ofrecidos en la edición crítica y traducción portuguesa del libro De Legibus Uvm I Da Ley em Geral de F. Suárez, a cargo del mancomunado esfuerzo de investigadores lusos contemporáneos, quienes examinaron esa Obra de jurisprudencia nacida de las lecciones que F. Suárez diera desde 1601-3 y que plasmara en la edición original del tratado de Coimbra en 1612. Subrayo aspectos de la doctrina política que dejarán al descubierto un Suárez plura novavit, influyente (...) en la conformación moderna de la republica democrática. This paper calis the attention on the outcome of the research offered in the critical edition and Portuguese translation of the book De Legibus Livro I Da Ley em Geral de F. Suárez, done by the joint effort of contemporary Researchers, who examined that work of jurisprudence born of the lectures that Suarez gave around 1601-3, and that resulted in the original 1612 edition of the Coimbra treatise. I underline aspects of the political doctrine, which exposes a plura novavit-Suarez that promote a new form of the political regimes and influence in the shaping of the modern democratic republic. (shrink)

Victor Salas, Robert Fastiggi (eds.), A Companion to Francisco Suárez, Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, vol. 53, Leiden, Boston, Brill, 2015, xii + 383 pp., ISSN 1871-6377.

An attempt is made to recognize the coherence of Suárez's political postulates and his anthropology. For this purpose I translate a selection of texts, mainly from the third Book of the De opere sex dierum, which gives testimony of the foundations that reveal not only indications of a thought pre-illustrated in Suárez, but the relevance of topics found in his writings that remain to be explored in any of its volumes. I have divided this work into two sections: The first (...) makes brief mention of the defense of the equality of the sexes in François Poullain de la Barre. Furthermore, it refers to the political virtue of Descartes and his defense of the difference of the sexes. The crucial section exhibits forgotten arguments from Suárez's treatise De opere sex dierum, where the question of the equality of the sexes is addressed. (shrink)

Suárez y la Filosofía Moderna Resumen: Los intérpretes de hoy debaten sobre el estatuto y la asociación de Francisco Suárez con la Filosofía Moderna. Este estudio enfoca los principales aspectos de la filosofía especulativa y práctica del pensador jesuita, con el propósito de mostrar que, en las diversas disciplinas abordadas, Suárez ha tomado en cuenta genealógicamente, la formalización de las teorías precedentes: las ha re-formulado en términos metodológicos para progresar. A su preferencia parcial por pruebas a priori, agrega datos de (...) experiencia con respecto a los postulados de la metafísica. Por otra parte, innova en la adopción del lenguaje médico imperante en materias de psicología moral y en la intrincación de las disciplinas teológicas y jurídica, en materias políticas. Con este proceder, que se distingue del estrictamente propedéutico para la investigación científica, alcanza una comprensión adecuada de los fenómenos y, a partir de sus replanteamientos establece el curso de figuras representativas del pensamiento moderno. Palabras clave: Suárez; ontologia; epistemologia; psicología moral; filosofía política; filosofía moderna. Suárez and Modern Philosophy Abstract: Today's interpreters debate the status and association of Francisco Suárez with Modern Philosophy. This paper focuses on the main aspects of the speculative and practical philosophy of the Jesuit thinker, with the purpose of showing that, in the various disciplines approached, Suárez has taken into account genealogically the formalization of the preceding theories: he has reformulated them in methodological terms to progress. To his partial preference for a priori proofs, he adds data of experience regarding the postulates of metaphysics. On the other hand, he innovates in the adoption of the prevailing medical language in matters of moral psychology and in the intricacy of theological and legal disciplines, in political matters. With this procedure, which differs from the strictly propaedeutic for scientific research, he reaches an adequate understanding of the phenomena and, from the rethinking of it, establishes the course of representative figures of modern thought. Key-words: Suárez; ontology; epistemology; moral psicology; political philosophy; Modern philosophy. Suárez e a Filosofia Moderna Resumo: Os intérpretes de hoje debatem o estatuto e a associação de Francisco Suárez com a Filosofia Moderna. Este estudo enfoca os principais aspectos da filosofia especulativa e prática do pensador jesuíta, com o propósito de mostrar que, nas várias disciplinas abordadas, Suárez teve em conta genealogicamente a formalização das teorias precedentes: ele reformulou em termos metodológicos para o progresso. À sua preferência parcial por provas a priori, ele adiciona dados da experiência sobre os postulados da metafísica. Por outro lado, inova na adoção da linguagem médica predominante em questões de psicologia moral e na complexidade das disciplinas teológicas e jurídicas, em questões políticas. Com esse procedimento, que difere do estritamente propedêutico para a pesquisa científica, ele chega a uma compreensão adequada dos fenômenos e, a partir de seu repensar, estabelece o curso de figuras representativas do pensamento moderno. Palavras-chave: Suárez; ontologia; epistemologia; psicologia moral; filosofia política; filosofia moderna. Data de registro: 16/09/2021 Data de aceite: 01/12/2021. (shrink)

Al final del Libro II del An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke manifiesta que «hay una relación tan íntima entre las ideas y las palabras […] que es imposible hablar clara y distintamente de nuestro conocimiento, que consiste completamente en proposiciones, sin considerar, primero, la naturaleza, uso y significación del lenguaje». De varias y diversas maneras Locke insiste en la tesis que ‘las palabras significan ideas’. En este ensayo me propongo: 1º resumir la teoría general del lenguaje de Locke; 2º (...) revisar algunas objeciones regulares a esta teoría, y 3º intentar una explicación de lo que Locke quiere decir cuando enuncia que ‘las palabras significan ideas’. Con respecto a este punto mostraré, apoyando la interpretación de E. J. Ashworth, que en su tesis semántica Locke usa el vocablo ‘significar’ (‘signifying’) no del modo como es usado por los teóricos contemporáneos del siglo XX, sino en el sentido que algunos escolásticos usaron el término ‘significare’. At the very end of Book II of ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’, Locke finds out «that there is so close a connexion between Ideas and Words […] that it is impossible to speak clearly and distinctly of our Knowledge, which all consists in Propositions, without considering first the Nature, Use, and Signification of Language». In various and diverse ways Locke defends the thesis that ‘Words signify Ideas’. My aim in this paper is first, to sum up Locke’s general theory of Language; secondly, to revisit some regular objections concerning this theory, and thirdly, to intend an explanation of what Locke means when he points out that ‘Words signify ideas’. In regard to this point, I shall hold up E. J. Ashworth’s interpretation to show that Locke semantic thesis involves the use of the verb ‘to signify’ (‘signifying’) not in the manner that it is used by contemporary theorists of the twentieth century, but in the sense that some scholastics used the term ‘significare’. (shrink)

A pesar de la producción e influencia doctrinal de Suárez en el campo de la teología, su obra Varia opuscula theologica, en la que se incluye el Opúsculo Teológico Segundo, no ha sido objeto de detallada reconstrucción crítica. Esta obra contribuyó al complejo debate sobre cómo se entiende la presencia de Dios en el mundo, es decir, cómo sería el concurso de la gracia, el pre-conocimiento, la predestinación, la providencia divina con la libertad humana, a lo cual se denominó la (...) controversia De auxiliis. El presente estudio analiza uno de los recursos especulativos singulares de la doctrina jesuita moderna cual es la ciencia media divina. A los planteamientos molinistas, Suárez agrega la argumentación lógica que haría corresponder los grados del saber omnisciente divino con los grados de la acción libre humana. (shrink)

Bravo, F. La dialéctica en Teilhard de Chardin.--Carías, R. El conocimiento de Dios en Max Scheler.--Cappelletti, A. J. El fuego y el logos en la filosofía de Heráclito.--Li Carrillo, V. Estructuralismo y antihumanismo.--Rosales, A. Martín Heidegger y la crisis de la filosofía transcendental.--Rosales, A. La crítica de Heidegger al idealismo moderno.--Rosales, A. El giro del pensamiento de Heidegger.

An exhibition catalog presents fifty photographs taken from the J. Paul Getty Museum along with informaton on the life and career of Manual Alvarez Bravo.

Introspection, or metacognition, is the capacity to reflect on our own thoughts and behaviours. Here, we investigated how one specific metacognitive ability develops in adolescence, a period of life associated with the emergence of self-concept and enhanced self-awareness. We employed a task that dissociates objective performance on a visual task from metacognitive ability in a group of 56 participants aged between 11 and 41 years. Metacognitive ability improved significantly with age during adolescence, was highest in late adolescence and plateaued going (...) into adulthood. Our results suggest that awareness of one’s own perceptual decisions shows a prolonged developmental trajectory during adolescence. (shrink)

Science has always been tightly associated with environmental ethics in a way traditional ethics has not. However, despite this proximity, science has had a merely informational role, where it must inform ethics but not intervene in ethical judgment. Science is seen as an amoral enterprise, requiring an ethics rather than recommending one. In this paper I try to go against this common view. First, I give a critique of the naturalistic fallacy following the lines of Frankena. Then I go on (...) to describe the two possible roles science can have in ethical though, and in environmental ethics in particular. As it turns out, science does not only inform ethics, but can actually have moral import and intervene in moral judgment. Finally, from an ecocentric point of view, I try to illustrate this last point by construing the ecological notion of resilience as a moral boundary—a scientifically determined boundary between right and wrong. (shrink)

Objective: To assess the knowledge of four groups of individuals regarding who is legally authorised to consent to health care or research involving older patients.Design: A provincewide postal survey.Setting: Province of Quebec, Canada.Participants: Three hundred older adults, 434 informal caregivers of cognitively impaired individuals, 98 researchers in aging and 136 members of research ethics boards .Measurements: Knowledge was assessed through a pretested postal questionnaire comprising five vignettes that describe hypothetical situations involving an older adult who requires medical care or is (...) solicited for research. The respondent had to identify the person who is legally authorised to provide consent.Results: Nearly 80% of all respondents provided the correct answer when the hypothetical scenario depicted a person who was competent to consent or incompetent but legally represented. Knowledge was worse for the scenario describing a research situation that involved an incompetent adult without a legal guardian.Conclusion: The observed lack of knowledge raises doubts about the ability of current legislation to truly protect the rights of older adults with diminished decision making capacity. It points to the need for educational programmes aimed at increasing public awareness of the legislation put in place for those requiring special protection. (shrink)

Based on personal experience, interviews, and numerous anecdotal evidence documented in the press, this paper analyzes current practices and focuses on future challenges of business development in Ukraine. In particular, the most recent developments in evolution of business relations and ethics are studied. Business ethics practices are viewed within the current political, economic, and social context. A unique combination of three factors: old communist mentality, new "mafia-style" capitalism, and Ukrainian nationalism have created a situation where applying internationally accepted ethical concepts (...) may not lead to success. The new entrepreneurial spirit and privatization windfalls against the background of cronyism, bureaucracy, and organized crime have produced the new rules of doing business. Business ethics reflect a peculiar combination of the above factors and make them difficult for the outsider to comprehend. (shrink)

Resumen: En su libro Mujeres y discursos gerenciales. Hacia la autogestión feminista, María Medina-Vicent aborda desde una perspectiva crítica feminista los discursos gerenciales dirigidos a las mujeres, desvelando el androcentrismo y la presencia —y perpetuación— de tradicionales roles y estereotipos de género en los modelos de gestión. Mi propuesta pretende incidir en dos aspectos del análisis realizado por Medina-Vicent, por un lado, remarcar los peligros de la despolitización de los discursos gerenciales dirigidos a mujeres —sobre todo en tanto que la (...) literatura gerencial acaba por informarnos a todas—. Por otro, profundizar en la crítica que la autora realiza de la cooptación del feminismo por parte de estos discursos.: In her book Mujeres y discursos gerenciales. Hacia la autogestión feminista, Medina-Vicent approaches management discourses aimed at women from a critical feminist perspective, revealing the androcentrism and the presence and perpetuation of traditional gender roles and stereotypes in management models. My proposal aims to highlight two aspects of Medina-Vicent’s analysis: on the one hand, to highlight the dangers of depoliticizing management discourses aimed at women - especially insofar as management literature ends up informing us all. On the other hand, the author’s critique of the co-optation of feminism by these discourses will be explored in greater depth. Palabras clave: discursos gerenciales, teoría feminista, antifeminismo, despolitización. Keywords: managerial discourses, feminist theory, antifeminism, depoliticization. (shrink)

Overview -- Why social workers earn less than accountants : pay equity -- Can you have a job and a life? -- Can a woman do a man's job? -- You want to see my what? : sexual harassment -- Nine to five : not just a movie--the right to organize -- Working other than nine to five : part-time and temporary jobs -- What this nation really thinks of motherhood : welfare reform -- Revaluing women's work outside of work (...) -- How you can help get there. (shrink)

Primeiramente, oferecemos uma apresentação teórica da representação do pensamento prático, começando pela distinção entre silogismo dialético e silogismo demonstrativo. Fazemos referência à crítica de Toulmin contra o dedutivismo dominante de seu tempo. Em seguida, fornecemos argumentos para apoiar a relevância heurística do modelo de Toulmin para entender a discussão sobre a inclusão da lógica padrão na representação do pensamento comum. Afirmamos que o projeto analítico toulmaniano permite entender, com clareza metódica, a derrotabilidade dos argumentos do senso comum por meio da (...) investigação da noção modal de probabilidade na linguagem comum. First, we offer theoretical resemblance of the representation of practical reasoning, beginning with the distinction between demonstrative and dialectical syllogism. We make reference to the Toulmin’s critique against to the dominant deductivism in his time. Then we give arguments to sustain the heuristic relevance of Toulmin’s model to understand the discussion about the inclusion of default logics in the representation of ordinary reasoning. We assert that the Toulminian analytic design allows to understand, with methodical clarity, the defeasibility of common sense arguments by means of the investigation of the modal notion of probability in ordinary language. (shrink)

El presente artículo da cuenta de una instancia de trabajo colectivo con profesores y profesoras de aula, el “Taller de Educadores Autores” (TEA), que tiene como propósito rastrear el proceso de construcción de nuevas subjetividades docentes que permitan dar cuenta de las actuales condiciones en que es desempeñada la docencia, así como proponer otras formas de ser docente. A través del Taller, los profesores y profesoras problematizan acerca de los significados y sentidos de su trabajo por medio de la escritura (...) de relatos de experiencias. En primer lugar, se situará el proceso de trabajo y subjetividad docente en el Chile actual. Luego, se explicitarán algunos aspectos fundamentales de los procedimientos y la metodología que orientó el proceso colectivo de indagación del TEA. Finalmente, se presentarán los principales hallazgos y resultados extraídos del análisis de las sesiones del proceso indagatorio. (shrink)

In this article two homileticians - one from the United States of America (USA) and one from South Africa (SA) - enter into a dialog regarding how the task of prophetic preaching today might be revived, reframed and redefined in light of the Reformation principle of the viva vox Evangelii [living voice of the gospel]. Each author begins by summarising four contemporary approaches to prophetic preaching set forth by Reformed and Lutheran homiletical scholars in their respective contexts. Then each addresses (...) the questions: Where do I particularly see Reformation themes and emphases at work in the work of these homileticians? And how might those Reformation emphases continue to challenge and reframe preaching practices today? Finally, each gives initial reflections on how a comparison between the perspectives deepens and expands his or her understanding of prophetic preaching and its role in church and society. (shrink)

This study explores the relevance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an element of the corporate identity of Spanish financial institutions. Specifically, it aims to analyze the CSR actions developed by financial entities through the analysis of all the available information disclosed in their websites. A content analysis applied to 82 banking institutions, followed by different quantitative analyses, reveals the multidimensionality of CSR. Findings show that, while the number of entities institutionalizing CSR values as core elements of their identities is (...) still reduced, most organizations disclose CSR information to construct communicated identities and legitimate behaviours. Besides, these dimensions are classified depending on the stakeholder the action is aimed to, and that entities favour the generation of distinctive identities through the implementation and communication of more visible CSR actions like those involving their customers or the community. In any case, results indicate that organizations with certain characteristics are more likely to construct distinctive identities through CSR activities and to establish ethical and social values within their corporate statements and cultures. (shrink)

Resumen En este trabajo se reflexiona, en primer término, acerca del valor como categoría analítica de las estrategias de cortesía atenuadora. Se sostiene que, para interpretar que se ha producido una atenuación, es necesario identificar la actividad comunicativa que se evalúa como amenazante en ese contexto. Una estrategia de cortesía atenuadora se define como aquella cuya función es disminuir el efecto social negativo que pueda tener una actividad de imagen amenazante en el estado de la relación interpersonal y en el (...) clima socio-emocional de la interlocución en curso. Con base en Bravo proponemos un modelo para la interpretación de este tipo de estrategias en su contexto de producción. En segundo término, queremos hacer un aporte al estudio de las estrategias de cortesía atenuadora, planteando las dificultades que se le presentan al/la analista a la hora de registrar este tipo de actividades de imagen en discursos públicos en los cuales el nivel de conflicto interlocutivo es elevado. Se concluye que, si bien priman las estrategias de autoimagen y las de descortesía, la atenuación matiza la confrontación en beneficio de la construcción de una identidad de imagen acorde con las expectativas de diferentes auditorios. (shrink)

Son diversos los motivos que justifican analizar, de forma separada, la depresión y los trastornos de ansiedad en personas mayores con respecto a adultos más jóvenes. Podemos enumerar, entre los más relevantes, los siguientes: (1) sintomatología diferencial que puede dificultar el diagnóstico en la vejez; (2) infradeclaración clínica, consecuencia del efecto negativo de los estereotipos de la edad sobre la población mayor y los profesionales que los tratan; (3) mayor cronificación de los síntomas, debido a un posible diagnóstico tardío; (4) (...) mayor impacto funcional, ya que ambos trastornos se pueden asociar a diversas patologías, como anemia o diabetes (en la depresión) o presión arterial, úlcera o problemas cardiovasculares ( en la ansiedad), produciéndose una interacción recíproca entre la sintomatología psicológica y física que exacerba ambos tipos de problemáticas. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, señalaremos que la determinación husserliana de lo vivo incluye tanto momentos genéticos como generativos, los cuales funcionan en paralelo y que no pueden ser ignorados. A partir del análisis de las propuestas de Steinbock y de Walton sobre la tensión que existe entre el método generativo y el genético, mostraremos que la determinación del mundo humano contiene elementos biológicos que son indispensables de considerar y que, por lo tanto, la generatividad debe incluirlo. De este modo, sostendremos (...) que el ser humano pertenece a un doble contexto biogenerativo que lo pone en relación con otros seres a quienes identifica como vivientes. Finalmente, tomando en consideración las reflexiones tardías de Husserl, concluiremos señalando que el mundo de la vida no puede ser el mundo puramente humano, pues los seres vivos también están incluidos en él de manera constitutiva. (shrink)

Retomo, en este artículo, la conocida distinción platónica entre doxa y epistêmê, hecha principalmente en el Menón y la República. Pero subrayo con énfasis particular la diferencia de criterios, de un diálogo a otro. Mientras que en el primero predomina el criterio lógico de la estabilidad de epistêmê y la inestabilidad dóxa, debida respectivamente a la concatenación (desmós) y la falta de concatenación de sus elementos, el segundo enfatiza el criterio ontológico de los objetos:la misma cosa no puede ser aprehendida (...) por la ciencia y la opinión, pues la primera concierne al ser absoluto, identificado con las Formas platónicas, y la segunda a algo que es intermedio entre el ser absoluto y el no-ser absoluto. Después de objetar que Platón no logra demostrar su división tripartita de la realidad, sostengo que la diferencia de criterios aquí analizada se debe a la ausencia de la Teoría Platónica de las Formas en el Menón. Palabras clave: Platón; Doxa; Epistêmê; Distinción; CriteriosI return in this paper to the well-known Platonic distinction between doxa and episteme, drawn mainly in Meno and Republic. However, I stress now the difference in criteria from one dialogue to the other. While in the first prevails the logical criterion of stability of epistêmê and unstableness of dóxa, owing respectively to the concatenation (desmós) and the lack of concatenation of their elements, the second emphasizes the ontological criterion of objects: the same thing cannot be apprehended by science and opinion, for the former concerns to absolute being, identified with Platonic Ideas, while the latter to something which is halfway between absolute being and absolute not-being. After objecting that Plato fails to demonstrate his tripartite division of reality, I claim that the difference of criteria hereby analyzed is due to the absence of Plato’s Theory of Ideas in Meno. KeyWords: Plato; Doxa; Epistêmê; Distinction; Criteria. (shrink)

Being able to categorize objects as similar or different is an essential skill. An important aspect of learning to categorize is learning to attend to relevant features and ignore irrelevant features of the to-be-categorized objects. Feature variability across objects of different categories is informative, because it allows inferring the rules underlying category membership. In this study, participants learned to categorize fictitious creatures. We measured attention to the aliens during learning using eye-tracking and calculated the attentional focus as the ratio of (...) attention to relevant versus irrelevant features. As expected, participants’ categorization accuracy improved with practice; however, in contrast to our expectations, their attentional focus did not improve with practice. When computing the attentional focus, attention to the aliens’ eyes was disregarded, because while eyes attract a lot of attention, they did not vary across aliens. Yet, an explorative analysis of attention to eyes suggested that participants’ attentional focus did become somewhat more efficient in that over time they learned to ignore the eyes. Results are discussed in the context of the need for instructional methods to improve attentional focus in learning to categorize. (shrink)

RESUMEN La poesía de William Wordsworth pasaba por ser, entre muchos de sus comentaristas contemporáneos, una poesía pensante. Ya sea que se hablase de un sentido edificante de su poesía, de una perspectiva refrescante acerca de las cosas cotidianas o bien de un pensamiento filosófico, la poesía de Wordsworth siempre fue considerada como un notable esfuerzo por elevar el poema a una categoría ontológica. Dentro de este contexto, la imaginación cobra una gran importancia. Se analiza en qué sentido la imaginación (...) es el centro ontológico de la poesía de Wordsworth. ABSTRACT William Wordsworth's poetry was a thinking poetry, according to many of his contemporaries. Whether it was due to the edifying nature of his poetry, his refreshing approach to everyday things, or his philosophical thought, Wordsworth's poetry was always considered as a notable effort to elevate the poem to ontological category. In this context, imagination acquires great importance. The article analyzes the sense in which imagination is the ontological center of Wordsworth's poetry. RESUMO A poesia de William Wordsworth passava por ser, entre muitos de seus comentaristas contemporâneos, uma poesia pensante. Seja porque se falava de um sentido edificante de sua poesia, de uma perspectiva refrescante sobre as coisas cotidianas, seja porque se falava de um pensamento filosófico, a poesia de Wordsworth sempre foi considerada como um notável esforço por elevar o poema a uma categoria ontológica. Dentro desse contexto, a imaginação ganha uma grande importância. Analisa-se em que sentido a imaginação é o centro ontológico da poesia de Wordsworth. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as relações entre agnotologia (construção social da ignorância) e o princípio da precaução (PP) sob dois aspectos. O primeiro diz respeito à crítica de que parcela dos defensores do PP teria utilizado estratégias de construção de ignorância. A partir do trabalho do filósofo Daniel Steel, mostro como elas enfraquecem um critério interno ao próprio princípio: a proporcionalidade. Sob o segundo aspecto, comento documentos tornados públicos que evidenciam estratégias de agnotologia por setores da indústria tanto (...) sobre o PP como sobre resultados científicos para que ele não fosse aplicado. Semelhante exposição ainda não foi realizada na literatura especializada no PP. A partir dessa análise, busco contribuir para identificar estratégias de agnotologia em debates sobre o PP. (shrink)

Defensores do princípio da precaução propõem com frequência mudanças nas práticas científicas, para que elas facilitem o mesmo objetivo do princípio: evitar ameaças incertas ao ambiente ou à saúde humana. A ciência deveria ser uma ciência precautória. Apesar da importância prática da ciência precautória e da sua proximidade com os debates sobre ciência e valores, ela ainda não foi sistematicamente examinada. Neste artigo, pretende-se contribuir para a literatura sobre a ciência precautória de dois modos: sistematizando sua literatura prévia e propondo (...) uma definição de um de seus elementos principais, a precaução epistêmica, como uma orientação específica para a gestão de riscos indutivos. Conclui-se com algumas objeções que tal definição levanta, bem como caminhos de pesquisas futuras para abordá-las. (shrink)

The objectives of the present study were to adapt a grief intervention program to family caregivers of patients with dementia, and assess its effectiveness in improving the symptoms of grief and other health-related variables. The intervention was based on Shear and Bloom's grief intervention program, with the necessary adaptations for use in the grieving process for a family member's illness. A total of 52 family caregivers of individuals with dementia participated. They were evaluated using a battery of self-report measures assessing (...) grief, overload, resilience, post-traumatic growth, experiential avoidance, health-related quality of life, and benefits of care. The results suggest that the program is effective in improving grief symptoms, caregiver burden, resilience, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life of family caregivers. It is necessary to create and implement interventions targeting caregivers' feelings and manifestations of ambiguous grief, because there is a lack of programs providing an efficient solution for the mental and physical health of caregivers, and because of the human and socioeconomic cost involved in neglecting this group. (shrink)